Skip to Main Content

Legal Citation

Tips and tricks for starting out with the Bluebook, ALWD, or other legal citation guide.

Multiple Authors

Rules 15.1(a) and 16.2 of The Bluebook cover the format of citations with two authors for non-periodic and periodic materials, respectively.

ExampleRichard Delgado & Jean Stefanic, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (2017).

Example: Sonia Smith & Mila Bozic Erkic, Does a Wellness Collection Have a Place at a Law Library?, 45 Can. L. Libr. Rev. 10 (2020).

 

Rules 15.1(b) and 16.2 of The Bluebook cover the format of citations with more than two authors.

ExampleNancy Levit et al., Feminist Legal Theory: A Primer (2016).

Example: Dana Bolger et al., A Tale of Two Title IXs: Title IX Reverse Discrimination Law and Its Trans-Substantive Implications for Civil Rights, 55 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 743 (2021).

Dissertations

Rule 17.2.2 of the Bluebook governs dissertations and theses. which are cited in the same manner as unpublished manuscripts (Rule 17.2.1). Authors should cover following elements: [Author(s)], [Title (subtitle only if particularly relevant)], (Full Date) (Type of paper, Institution).

Example:  Peter Mazzacano, Exemptions for the Non-Performance of Contractual Obligations in CISG Article 79 and the Quest for Uniformity in International Sales Law (2013) (Ph. D. dissertation, York University).

Dictionaries

Rule 15 of The Bluebook covers the format of citations to dictionaries. Authors should indicate following elements in their citations: Word (italicized), Dictionary (small caps) (Edition and Year). Some frequently cited works require special form. Rule 15.8(a).

ExampleReplevin, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).

Legal Encyclopedias

Rule 15 of the Bluebook presents how to cite from legal encyclopedias. Authors should cover following elements: Volume, Encyclopedia abbeviation (large & small cap font),  Article title (underlined or italicized), Section, Copyright date of the volume (in the parenthetical). 

Example: 29A C.J.S. Eminent Domain § 412 (2007).

Treatises

Rule 15 of the Bluebook presents how to cite from treatises. Authors should cover following elements: volume number, author(s), title (in italics), section number and/or page number and/or paragraph number (when pinpoint citing), editor(s) and/or translator(s) (if listed), and year.

Example:  2 Joseph M. Perillo & Helen Hadjiyannakis Bender, Corbin on Contracts § 1.1 (1993).

Legal Periodicals

Rule 16 of the Bluebook governs legal periodicals, e.g., law reviews, journals, and newspapers.

The Bluebook has two sections of the legal periodicals: 

  1. Consecutively paginated law reviews and journals (R. 16.4) and
  2. Nonconsecutively paginated periodicals (R. 16.5).

Under Rule 16.4, authors should cover following elements: 

[Author's Name], (If the article is written by a student author, the designation of the piece,)  [Title of the article], [Volume number (if no volume, use the year as the volume and don't put the year at the end)], [Abbreviation of Journal Name (see Tables 10,13, and 13.2)], [The beginning page number], [Pincite] and (Year). 

Example: Dawn M. Johnsen, Note, The Creation of Fetal Rights: Conflicts with Women's Constitutional Rights to Liberty, Privacy and Equal Protection, 95 Yale L.J. 599, 601 (1986).

 

Under Rule 16.5, authors should cover following elements: 

[Author's Name], (If the article is written by a student author, the designation of the piece,)  [Title of the article], [Abbreviation of Publication Name (see Tables 10,13, and 13.2)], [Publication Date] at [The beginning page number]. 

Example: David L. Hudson, Jr., Legislators Take Aim at Critical Race Theory: Nonexistent Curriculum Is Caught in the Crosshairs, 108 A.B.A. J. 20 (2022).